36 former military and civilian national security leaders sent a letter to the Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs urging members to end anonymous shell companies.
____________________
The Honorable Mike Crapo
Chairman
Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs
U.S. Senate
534 Dirksen Senate Office Building
Washington, DC 20510
The Honorable Sherrod Brown
Ranking Member
Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs
U.S. Senate
534 Dirksen Senate Office Building
Washington, DC 20510
Chairman Crapo and Ranking Member Brown,
We write as retired general and field officers from the United States Armed Forces as well as retired civilian leaders from the National Security Council; the Departments of State, Treasury, Defense, Justice, and Commerce; and the U.S. Agency for International Development to reinforce our strong conviction that corruption threatens U.S. national security by fueling and funding terrorism, financing webs of criminality, driving conflict, and increasing insecurity and instability globally.
As you and your colleagues look to curb rogue nations, kleptocrats, and transnational criminal networks from using America as a safe harbor for their ill-gotten gains, we urge you to take action against the use of anonymous shell companies.
The U.S. remains the easiest place in the world to set up an anonymous shell company according to an academic study from the University of Texas and Brigham Young University.1 To give one example, during the research phase of the study, one corporate formation agent in Florida responded to an email describing a fictitious inquiry writing that, “[Y]our started [sic] purpose could well be a front for funding terrorism… I wouldn’t even consider doing that for less [than $5,000] a month… If you are working with less than serious money, don’t waste anybody’s time here.1
These companies have put Americans at risk and worse — criminals enjoy the benefits of strong investment returns and total secrecy here in the U.S. Drug cartels and human trafficking operations have long understood the benefits of corporate secrecy to launder money from criminal enterprises. More recently, anonymous companies are implicated in terror financing, fraudulent contracting with our military, and even sanctions evasion.
The growing list of examples of anonymous companies used to undermine troop safety are unsettling to say the least. According to research by the investigative group Global Witness, the Department of Defense entered into a contract with a U.S.-Afghan contractor secretly owned by individuals who purchased weapons for the Taliban. Anonymous companies won contracts and provided unusable bullets, shoddy weapons parts, and ineffective body armor, endangering the troops and wasting national security dollars.3
We acknowledge that financing and money laundering are as much a part of the strategy of terror networks as any bombing or attack. Congress can no longer ignore the threats created by anonymous shell companies. Funding for terrorist operations is critical for recruitment, training, and the planning and execution of attacks. Corrupt leaders in nations around the world steal public funds to prop up their regimes, undermine democratic institutions and ideals, and create internal and regional instability.
As we ratchet up sanctions against hostile nations, it is telling to note that the Iranian Government previously skirted our sanctions for years by utilizing a web of shell companies, including some registered in the United States, to buy a skyscraper on Fifth Avenue in Manhattan.4 While the President seeks to negotiate peace on the Korean peninsula, we should not be vulnerable to hostile threats in the future should diplomatic talks falter.
There are numerous challenges we face regarding our nation’s security. Requiring the collection of beneficial ownership information for companies created in the United States is a clear and necessary step Congress can take with an immediate and significant impact.
We must protect our homeland against today’s transnational threats; safeguard the rule of law and integrity of our institutions; and confront, disrupt, and dismantle the corruptive influences and illicit networks that threaten our national security.
Thank you for the leadership you have shown on this increasingly important issue to our national security. We urge you again to adopt legislation ending the creation of anonymous shell companies in the United States to protect our financial system and economy from abuse by those who wish to harm Americans.
Sincerely,
GAYLE SMITH Former Administrator, U.S. Agency for International Development (2015-2017) Former Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Development, Democracy and Humanitarian Affairs, National Security Council, The White House (2009-2015) Former Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for African Affairs, National Security Council, The White House (1998-2001) President and CEO of The ONE Campaign (2017-Present)
ALFONSO E. LENHARDT, Amb. (Ret.), MG (Ret.), USA Former Deputy Administrator, U.S. Agency for International Development (2014-2017) Former U.S. Ambassador to Tanzania (2009-2013) Former Sergeant at Arms, U.S. Senate (2001-2003) Former Commanding General, U.S. Army Recruiting Command (1996-1997)
ROBERT W. FARRAND, Amb. (Ret.) Former Brčko (Bosnia) Supervisor (1997-2000) Former Deputy High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina (1997-2000) Former U.S. Ambassador to Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu (1990-1993)
BISA WILLIAMS, Amb. (Ret.) Former Deputy Assistant Secretary, Bureau of African Affairs, U.S. Department of State (2013-2015) Former U.S. Ambassador to Niger (2010-2013)
SARAH E. MENDELSON Former U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations Economic and Social Council (2015-2017) Former Deputy Assistant Administrator, Bureau of Democracy, Conflict, and Humanitarian Assistance, U.S. Agency for International Development (2010-2014)
MORTON H. HALPERIN Former Director of Policy Planning, U.S. Department of State (1998-2001)
DAVID J. KRAMER Former Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State (2008- 2009) Former Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Europe and Eurasia, U.S. Department of State (2005-2008)
MARY BETH GOODMAN Former Special Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs and Senior Director for Development, Democracy and Humanitarian Affairs, National Security Council, The White House (2015-2017) Former Director for International Economic Affairs, National Security Council, The White House (2011-2013)
ERIC G. POSTEL Former Associate Administrator, U.S. Agency for International Development (2015-2017) Former Assistant to the Administrator for Africa, U.S. Agency for International Development (2014-2015) Former Assistant Administrator, E3 Bureau, U.S. Agency for International Development (2011-2017)
THOMAS O. MELIA Former Assistant Administrator for Europe & Eurasia, U.S. Agency for International Development (2015-2017) Former Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State (2010-2015) Washington Director, PEN America
JONATHAN WINER Former Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for International Law Enforcement, U.S. Department of State (1994-1999)
ROB BERSCHINSKI Former Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State (2015-2017) Former Director for Security and Human Rights, National Security Council, The White House (2010-2013)
WILLIAM F. WECHSLER Former Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Special Operations and Combating Terrorism, U.S. Department of Defense (2012-2015) Former Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Counternarcotics and Global Threats, U.S. Department of Defense (2009-2012)
TOMMY ROSS Former Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Security Cooperation, U.S. Department of Defense (2014- 2017)
MICHAEL CARPENTER, Ph.D. Former Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Russia, Ukraine, and Eurasia, U.S. Department of Defense (2015-2017) Senior Director, Biden Center for Diplomacy and Global Engagement, University of Pennsylvania
MATTHEW H. MURRAY Former Deputy Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Europe, the Middle East and Africa, U.S. Department of Commerce (2013-2015) Former Deputy Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Europe and Eurasia, U.S. Department of Commerce (2012-2013)
JOSEPH (JODY) MYERS Former Director for Counterterrorism, National Security Council, The White House (2001-2004)
DAVID HAMON Former Director for Research and Studies, Advanced Systems and Concepts, Defense Threat Reduction Agency, U.S. Department of Defense (2007-2010)
DENNIS LORMEL Former Chief, Terrorist Financing Operations Section, Counterterrorism Division, Federal Bureau of Investigation, U.S. Department of Justice (2001-2003)
CHIP PONCY Former Director of the Office of Strategic Policy for Terrorist Financing and Financial Crimes, U.S. Department of the Treasury (2002-2013) Senior Advisor, Center on Sanctions and Illicit Finance (CSIF), Foundation for Defense of Democracies
SARAH CHAYES Former Special Assistant to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, U.S. Department of Defense (2010-2011) Author, Thieves of State: Why Corruption Threatens Global Security
DONALD SEMESKY Former Chief of Financial Operations, Drug Enforcement Administration, U.S. Department of Justice (2003- 2008) Former Anti-Money-Laundering Policy Adviser and IRS-Criminal Investigation (IRS-CI) Liaison Officer, Office of National Drug Control Policy, The White House (2000-2003)
JOHN AGOGLIA, COL (Ret.), USA Former Director of the Counterinsurgency Training Center-Afghanistan (2008-2010)
THOMAS P. BALTAZAR, COL (Ret.), USA Former Director, USAID Office of Military Affairs (2005-2010)
WILLIAM E. BERRY, JR., Col. (Ret.),
USAF MICHAEL DZIEDZIC, Ph.D., Col. (Ret.), USA Adjunct Professor, George Mason University
CHRISTOPHER J. HOLSHEK, COL (Ret.), USA Senior Fellow, Alliance for Peacebuilding and Senior Civil-Military Advisor, Narrative Strategies
PAUL D. HUGHES, COL (Ret.), USA Special Advisor and Director, Overseas Safety and Security, United States Institute of Peace
MAX G. MANWARING, COL (Ret.), USA Professor of Military Strategy, Strategic Studies Institute (SSI), U.S. Army War College
DAVID L. ASHER, Ph.D. Former Coordinator, North Korea Working Group, Office of the Secretary of State, U.S. Department of State (2003-2005) Former Senior Advisor for East Asian and Pacific Affairs, Office of the Secretary of State, U.S. Department of State (2001-2005) Adjunct Senior Fellow, Center for a New American Security
CAMILLE EISS Former Senior Advisor for Anti-Corruption, DRL, U.S. Department of State (2015-2017) Former Policy Director of the Truman National Security Project (2009-2012) Director of Partnerships, Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project (OCCRP)
DAVID M. LUNA Former Senior Director for National Security & Diplomacy, INL, U.S. Department of State (2013-2017)
JAMES M. WRIGHT Former Senior Advisor, Office of Technical Assistance, U.S. Department of the Treasury Board Member, U.S. Capital Chapter, Association of Certified Anti-money Laundering Specialists (ACAMS)
DAVID E. A. JOHNSON, LTC (Ret.), USA Executive Director, Center for Advanced Defense Studies (C4ADS)
JODI VITTORI, Lt Col. (Ret.), USAF Former ISAF Task Force Shafafiyat Contracting, Economic Development, and Rule of Law Team Chief Author, Terrorist Financing and Resourcing
KAREN J. FINKENBINDER, Ph.D. Rule of Law, Justice & Reconciliation Advisor, Peacekeeping & Stability Operations Institute, U.S. Army War College
cc: The Honorable Mike Pompeo, Secretary of State
The Honorable Steve Mnuchin, Secretary of the Treasury
The Honorable James Mattis, Secretary of Defense
The Honorable Jeff Sessions, Attorney General
The Honorable Wilbur Ross, Secretary of Commerce
The Honorable Kirstjen Nielsen, Secretary of Homeland Security
The Honorable John Bolton, Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs
The Honorable Mark Green, Administrator, U.S. Agency for International Development
Footnotes:
- Findley, Michael et al. “Global Shell Games: Experiments in Transnational Relations, Crime, and Terrorism.” Cambridge University Press (March 24, 2014), Page 74, available at http://bit.ly/2uTLptQ
- Findley, Michael et al. “Global Shell Games: Testing Money Launderers’ and Terrorist Financiers’ Access to Shell Companies.” Griffith University Centre for Governance and Public Policy (September 2012), Page 16, available at http://bit.ly/2Ki6AO1 .
- Global Witness, “Hidden Menace,” July 2016, accessed May 11, 2018, available at https://www.globalwitness.org/en/reports/hidden-menace/
- United States Department of Justice. “Manhattan U.S. Attorney Announces Court Judgment Finding Midtown Office Building Secretly Owned and Controlled by Government of Iran Subject to Forfeiture for Violations of the Iranian Transactions Regulations and Money Laundering Offenses.” September 17, 2013, available at https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/pr/manhattan-us-attorney-announces-court-judgment-finding-midtownoffice-building-secretly